ENVIRONMENT, WELLBEING AND HEALTH (partie 1/5)

## Listening: Texts on how to handle, prepare and store food safely ### Introduction Welcome to this lesson on food safety! Today, we will explore the essential practices for handling, preparing, and storing food safely to prevent foodborne illnesses. Understanding these steps is crucial for your health and the health of those you share food with. We will be listening to and discussing texts that provide practical advice on these important topics. ### Key Concepts #### 1. Cleanliness: Wash Your Hands and Surfaces Keeping everything clean is the first step to safe food handling. * **Wash your hands often:** * Before you start preparing food. * After handling raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs. * After using the toilet, changing nappies, or touching pets. * Always use soap and warm water, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds. * **Clean and sanitize surfaces:** * Wash cutting boards, dishes, countertops, and utensils with hot, soapy water after each use. * Consider using a sanitizing solution (like diluted bleach or commercial sanitizer) regularly, especially after preparing raw meat. #### 2. Separation: Don't Cross-Contaminate Cross-contamination is when bacteria from one food item (especially raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs) spread to other foods, ready-to-eat foods, or surfaces. This can make you sick. * **Keep raw and cooked foods separate:** * Use separate cutting boards for raw meat and fresh produce/cooked food. * Never place cooked food back on a plate that held raw meat, poultry, or seafood. * In your shopping cart, separate raw meat, poultry, and seafood from other foods. * In the refrigerator, store raw meat, poultry, and seafood on the bottom shelf, in sealed containers or bags, to prevent their juices from dripping onto other foods. #### 3. Cooking: Cook to the Right Temperature Cooking food to the correct internal temperature kills harmful bacteria. * **Use a food thermometer:** This is the only reliable way to know if food is cooked thoroughly enough to kill bacteria. * **Safe minimum internal temperatures:** * Poultry (whole chicken, ground chicken/turkey): \( 74^{\circ}C \) (\( 165^{\circ}F \)) * Ground meat (beef, pork, lamb): \( 71^{\circ}C \) (\( 160^{\circ}F \)) * Beef, pork, veal, lamb (steaks, roasts, chops): \( 63^{\circ}C \) (\( 145^{\circ}F \)) with a 3-minute rest time. * Fish: \( 63^{\circ}C \) (\( 145^{\circ}F \)) or until opaque and flakes easily. * **Reheat leftovers thoroughly:** Bring all leftovers to a boiling point or heat to \( 74^{\circ}C \) (\( 165^{\circ}F \)). #### 4. Chilling: Refrigerate Promptly Keeping food at cold temperatures slows the growth of harmful bacteria. * **Refrigerate perishable foods within 2 hours:** If the ambient temperature is above \( 32^{\circ}C \) (\( 90^{\circ}F \)), refrigerate within 1 hour. * **Keep your refrigerator at \( 4^{\circ}C \) (\( 40^{\circ}F \)) or below:** Your freezer should be at \( -18^{\circ}C \) (\( 0^{\circ}F \)) or below. * **Thaw food safely:** * In the refrigerator (the safest method). * In cold water (change water every 30 minutes). * In the microwave (cook immediately after thawing). * Never thaw foods at room temperature. * **Divide large amounts of food:** Store in shallow containers to cool faster in the refrigerator. ### Vocabulary * **Food poisoning (or foodborne illness):** Sickness caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins. * **Bacteria:** Microscopic living organisms, some of which can cause illness when consumed in food. * **Cross-contamination:** The transfer of harmful bacteria from one food item or surface to another. * **Thoroughly:** Completely and carefully. * **Raw:** Not cooked. * **Cooked:** Prepared by heating. * **Perishable:** Foods that spoil quickly if not kept cool (e.g., meat, dairy, fresh produce). * **Expiry date:** The date after which a food should not be eaten because it may no longer be safe. * **Best-before date:** The date until which food retains its optimal quality; it may still be safe to eat after this date but might not taste as good. * **Refrigerator/Fridge:** An appliance that keeps food cool. * **Freezer:** An appliance that keeps food frozen. * **Airtight container:** A container designed to prevent air from entering or leaving, keeping food fresh. * **Sanitize:** To clean something thoroughly to kill bacteria and make it hygienic. ### Examples * **Cross-contamination:** Imagine you cut raw chicken on a cutting board. If you then use the same board (without washing it) to slice tomatoes for a salad, bacteria from the raw chicken can transfer to the tomatoes, potentially causing illness. * **Proper cooking:** When you cook a chicken breast, you should insert a food thermometer into the thickest part. If it reads \( 74^{\circ}C \) (\( 165^{\circ}F \)), it's safe to eat. If it reads less, you need to continue cooking. * **Safe storage:** After dinner, you have leftover pasta. To store it safely, you should divide it into shallow, airtight containers and put it in the refrigerator within two hours of cooking. This allows it to cool down quickly and prevents bacteria from multiplying. * **Thawing:** If you want to cook a frozen piece of meat, the safest way to thaw it is to move it from the freezer to the refrigerator the night before. This allows it to thaw slowly and safely without entering the ## Grammar: Relative clauses ### Introduction Welcome to this lesson on **Relative Clauses**! In English, we often want to add more detail to our sentences to make them clearer and more interesting. Relative clauses are an excellent tool for doing just that. They help us combine sentences and provide extra information about people, things, places, times, or reasons without having to start a new sentence. Mastering them will significantly improve your writing and speaking skills in English. ### Key Concepts #### What are Relative Clauses? A relative clause (also called an adjective clause) is a type of dependent clause that gives more information about a noun or pronoun (called the antecedent) in the main part of the sentence. It functions like an adjective, describing the noun. * They always begin with a **relative pronoun** (who, whom, whose, which, that) or a **relative adverb** (where, when, why). * They cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. #### Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect the relative clause to the noun it describes. They replace the noun in the relative clause. * **Who**: Used for people (as the subject or object of the verb in the relative clause). * Example: The woman **who** called you is my aunt. * **Whom**: Used for people (as the object of the verb in the relative clause, more formal and less common in everyday speech). * Example: The man **whom** I saw was very tall. (Often replaced by 'who' or omitted). * **Which**: Used for things, animals, or ideas. * Example: The book **which** is on the table is mine. * **That**: Can be used for people, things, or animals. It is often interchangeable with 'who' or 'which' in defining relative clauses. * Example: This is the dog **that** barks a lot. / This is the person **that** helped me. * **Whose**: Used to show possession for people or things. * Example: The boy **whose** bicycle was stolen is sad. #### Relative Adverbs Relative adverbs are used to introduce relative clauses that refer to places, times, or reasons. * **Where**: Used for places. * Example: This is the house **where** I grew up. * **When**: Used for times. * Example: I remember the day **when** we first met. * **Why**: Used for reasons. * Example: That's the reason **why** I was late. #### Types of Relative Clauses There are two main types of relative clauses, distinguished by whether the information they provide is essential or non-essential. ##### Defining Relative Clauses (Restrictive) * These clauses provide essential information needed to identify the noun they describe. If you remove a defining relative clause, the meaning of the main sentence changes or becomes unclear. * They are **not** separated by commas. * The relative pronoun `that` can often be used here. * The relative pronoun can sometimes be **omitted** if it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (see below). * Example: The student **who passed the exam** was happy. (We need to know *which* student.) ##### Non-defining Relative Clauses (Non-restrictive) * These clauses provide extra, non-essential information about the noun. The main sentence would still make sense without this clause. * They are always separated by **commas** (or parentheses). * You **cannot** use `that` in a non-defining relative clause. * The relative pronoun **cannot** be omitted. * Example: My brother, **who lives in Paris**, is coming to visit. (My brother is still my brother, even without knowing he lives in Paris). #### Omitting Relative Pronouns In **defining relative clauses only**, you can omit the relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) if it is the **object** of the verb in the relative clause. You cannot omit 'whose', 'where', 'when', or 'why', or any relative pronoun that is the subject of the clause. * Original: The book **which I bought** was interesting. * Omitted: The book **I bought** was interesting. (Here, 'I' is the subject of 'bought', and 'which' is the object). * Original: The woman **whom I met** yesterday is a doctor. * Omitted: The woman **I met** yesterday is a doctor. * Cannot omit (subject): The man **who lives** next door is friendly. ('who' is the subject of 'lives'). ### Vocabulary * **Relative clause**: A clause that modifies a noun or pronoun, providing additional information. * **Relative pronoun**: A pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) that introduces a relative clause. * **Relative adverb**: An adverb (where, when, why) that introduces a relative clause. * **Antecedent**: The noun or pronoun that a relative clause refers back to and describes. * **Defining clause**: An essential relative clause that provides crucial information; no commas. * **Non-defining clause**: A non-essential relative clause that provides extra information; uses commas. * **Omit**: To leave out or exclude. ### Examples Let's look at some practical examples combining these concepts: 1. **People (Who/Whom/That):** * The girl **who is wearing the red dress** is my sister. (Defining, subject) * The artist **(whom) I admire most** paints landscapes. (Defining, object, 'whom' can be omitted) * Mr. Smith, **who is a retired teacher**, still volunteers at the school. (Non-defining, subject) 2. **Things/Animals (Which/That):** * I enjoyed the movie **which we watched last night**. (Defining, object, 'which' can be omitted) * This is the car **that I want to buy**. (Defining, object, 'that' can be omitted) * My dog, **which is a golden retriever**, loves to swim. (Non-defining) 3. **Possession (Whose):** * I met the student **whose parents are professors**. (Defining) * We visited a museum, **whose collection included ancient artifacts**. (Non-defining) 4. **Places (Where):** * The cafe **where we had coffee** is now closed. (Defining) * Paris, **where my cousin lives**, is a beautiful city. (Non-defining) 5. **Time (When):** * Summer is the season **when I feel happiest**. (Defining) * Next Tuesday, **when the exam takes place**, I will be very busy. (Non-defining) 6. **Reason (Why):** * I don't understand the reason **why he acted that way**. (Defining) ### Exercises **Exercise 1: Combine the sentences using a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose, where, when, why). Add commas if necessary.** 1. This is the book. I told you about it yesterday. 2. The man is a famous actor. He lives next door to me. 3. I visited London last year. My aunt lives there. 4. She showed me her new phone. It cost a lot of money. 5. Do you know the girl? Her brother won the lottery. **Exercise 2: Identify the relative clause in each sentence and state whether it is defining or non-defining. Add commas if missing.** 1. The girl who is wearing the blue hat is my friend. 2. My uncle who works as a doctor is very busy. 3. This is the restaurant where we celebrated my birthday. 4. The Eiffel Tower which is in Paris is a famous landmark. 5. I like people who are honest. **Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences, omitting the relative pronoun if possible.** 1. The movie that we watched was excellent. 2. I saw the woman who wrote that article. 3. This is the jacket which I bought last week. 4. The student who helped me with my homework is very kind. ### Assignment **Assignment 1: Sentence Building** Write five sentences using defining relative clauses and five sentences using non-defining relative clauses. Make sure to use a variety of relative pronouns and adverbs (who, which, that, whose, where, when). **Assignment 2: Error Correction** Find and correct the errors in the following sentences, paying close attention to comma usage and the choice of relative pronouns. 1. The park where has a large playground is very popular. 2. My best friend, that lives in Lyon, is coming to visit next month. 3. I liked the present, which you gave me. 4. She is the student whose I borrowed the notes from. 5. This is the day which we graduated from high school. **Assignment 3: Describe it!** Choose one person, one place, and one object. Write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) about each, using at least two relative clauses in each paragraph to give more detail. ### Summary To summarize, relative clauses are essential for adding detail and combining ideas in English. Remember these key points: * They start with **relative pronouns** (who, whom, whose, which, that) or **relative adverbs** (where, when, why). * **Defining clauses** provide essential information, use no commas, and `that` is common. The relative pronoun can sometimes be omitted if it's the object. * **Non-defining clauses** provide extra information, are separated by commas, and `that` cannot be used. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted. * Choose the correct relative word based on what you are describing (person, thing, place, time, possession, reason). Keep practicing, and you'll soon be using relative clauses naturally and correctly! ## Vocabulary: Words and expressions related to how to handle, prepare and store food safely # Vocabulary: Words and expressions related to how to handle, prepare and store food safely\n\n## Introduction\nWelcome to this lesson on food safety! Understanding how to properly handle, prepare, and store food is crucial for preventing illnesses and ensuring that the food we eat is safe and enjoyable. In this lesson, we will learn essential vocabulary and expressions that will help you talk about and practice safe food hygiene.\n\n## Key Concepts\n\n### 1. Handling Food Safely\nGood hygiene starts before you even begin cooking. This section focuses on practices to keep food clean and safe from contamination.\n* **Wash your hands:** Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after handling food, especially raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs.\n* **Clean surfaces and utensils:** Make sure all cutting boards, dishes, countertops, and utensils are clean. Sanitize them regularly, particularly after contact with raw ingredients.\n* **Separate raw from cooked:** Prevent **cross-contamination** by keeping raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs separate from ready-to-eat foods. Use different cutting boards and plates for raw and cooked items.\n* **Avoid touching your face:** Try not to touch your mouth, nose, or hair while preparing food.\n\n### 2. Preparing Food Safely\nProper cooking methods are essential to kill harmful bacteria and ensure food is safe to eat.\n* **Cook to the right temperature:** Cook food to its recommended **internal temperature** to kill harmful bacteria. A food thermometer can help you check this.\n* **Thaw food properly:** Never thaw frozen food at room temperature. Thaw it in the refrigerator, in cold water, or in the microwave.\n* **Wash fruits and vegetables:** Rinse all fresh produce under running water before peeling or eating.\n* **Do not re-freeze thawed food:** Once food has been thawed, do not refreeze it unless it has been cooked.\n\n### 3. Storing Food Safely\nStoring food correctly helps to maintain its freshness and prevents bacterial growth.\n* **Refrigerate promptly:** Perishable foods should be refrigerated within two hours of cooking or purchasing. Keep your refrigerator at \(4^ ext{o} ext{C}\) (\(40^ ext{o} ext{F}\)) or below.\n* **Freeze properly:** For longer storage, freeze food at \(-18^ ext{o} ext{C}\) (\(0^ ext{o} ext{F}\)) or below. Use **airtight containers** or freezer bags to prevent freezer burn.\n* **Check dates:** Pay attention to **